Groundwater contamination through potentially harmful metals and its implications in groundwater management

Groundwater contamination through potentially harmful metals (PHMs) is an environmental hazard in Pakistan with significant human health risk reports. The current research was conducted Sheikhupura District, which a major industrial site Punjab, Pakistan. According to the Punjab Directorate of Industries Pakistan, there are total 748 industries this area. These produce lot waste and effluent, contaminate environment toxic materials. Continuous irrigation effluent sewage sludge may make groundwater sources vulnerable. Therefore, we collected 243 samples from community tube wells investigate quality cconcerning PHM contaminations study This presents values pH, dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), like arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe). PHMs such as As (91%), Mn (14%), Pb (97%), Fe (45%), Zn (15%), these were beyond permitted limit recommended by world organization (WHO). Principal component analysis (PCA) results variability (60%) reveal that area contaminated about 30.9, 31.3, 37.6% resulted geogenic sources, anthropogenic or both respectively. Such include rock-water interaction, mining actions, agricultural practices, domestic sewage, Saturation indices show aquifers saturated hydroxide, goethite minerals, indicating minerals have vital role groundwater. Health assessment predicted non-carcinogenic (HQ) found within permissible (<1), except (1.58E+00) for children, while carcinogenic (CR) all selected lower than maximum threshold CR value (1 × 10 −4 ).